Holiness Historiography As a Theological Framework for Understanding the Emeremergence of Christianity in Africa
Abstract
There is a scandal in African Christian historiography that has faded from the eyes of church historians and theologians in regard to the pietistic/holiness reading of African Christianity, which itself provides the most comprehensive framework for understanding mainline-evangelical-pentecostal-charismatic Christianities. This article argues that the doctrine and experience of holiness is central to understanding the process that has brought African Christianity to where it is today. This research sketches the twin challenges that face a study of the doctrine of holiness as a theological framework for understanding the emergence of Christianity in Africa: (1) those that are historiographical; and (2) those that are essentially historical. It also provides a clear demonstration of the tenacity of a holiness/revivalist reading of African Protestant Christianity.
Downloads
References
A.H. Anderson, African Reformation: African Initiated Christianity in the Twentieth Century, Asmara: Africa World Press, 2001.
A.H. Anderson, Bazalwane: African Pentecostals in South Africa, Pretoria: University of South Africa, 1992.
A.H. Anderson, "Stretching Definitions? Pneumatology and 'Syncretism' in African Pentecostalism", Journal of Pentecostal Theology 10.1, 2001, pp. 98-119.
A.F. Walls, "Towards an Understanding of Africa's Place in Christian History," in Religion in a Pluralistic Society, ed. J.S. Pobee, Leiden: Brill, 1976.
A.F. Walls, "Africa in Christian History: Retrospect and Prospect," in The Cross-Cultural Process in Christian History, Maryknoll: Orbis, 2002.
Akin J. Omoyajowo, "An African Expression of Christianity," in The Challenge of Black Theology in South Africa, ed. Basil Moore, Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1973.
Allison Howell, A Daily Guide for Language and Culture Learning, revised edition, Bukuru, Nigeria: Nigeria Evangelical Missionary Institute and Africa Christian Textbooks (ACTS), 2002.
Andrew MacBeath, W. H. Aldis, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1949.
Ane Marie Bak Rasmussen, A History of the Quaker Movement in Africa, New York: British Academic Press, 1995.
Ayokundu Ogumati, "Pastor and Politician: Isaac Akinyele, Olubadan of Ibadan (1862-1955)," in Varieties of Christian Experiences in Nigeria, ed. Elizabeth Isichei, London: Macmillan Press, 1982.
Bengt G.M. Sundkler, Bantu Prophets in South Africa, 2nd edition, London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Bengt Sundkler, Zulu Zion and Some Swazi Zionists, London: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Bill Butler, Hill Ablaze, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1976.
Bildad Kaggia, Roots of Freedom 1921-1963, Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1975.
Byron S. Lamson, Lights in the World: Free Methodist Missionary Work, Winona Lake: General Missionary Board, 1951.
C.O. Oshun, "Aladura Presence and Revivals in a Colonial Situation: A Conflict Model in Mission," in African Church Historiography: An Ecumenical Perspective, ed. Ogbu U. Kalu, Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1988.
Cathy Crompton, God in Action: Revival in South Africa, Port Elizabeth, South Africa: Crompton Ministries, 1993.
Charles E. Jones, A Guide to the Study of the Holiness Movement, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 1974.
Charles E. Jones, A Guide to the Study of the Pentecostal Movement, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 1983.
Charles E. Jones, Black Holiness: A Guide to the Study of Black Participation in Wesleyan Perfectionist and Glossolalic Pentecostal Movements, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 1987.
Cheryl Sanders, Saints in Exile: The Holiness-Pentecostal Experience in African American Religion and Culture, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Christian G. Baeta, Prophetism in Ghana: A Study of some Spiritual Churches, London: SCM Press, 1962.
Cynthia Hoehler-Fatton, Women of Fire and Spirit: History, Faith, and Gender in Roho Religion in Western Kenya, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
D.W. Dayton, Theological Roots of Pentecostalism, Peabody: Hendrickson, 1987.
David B. Barrett, ed., African Initiatives in Religion, Nairobi: East Africa Publishing House, 1971.
David Bundy, "Defining Wesleyan/Holiness Identity: The Historiographical, Theological, and Missiological Challenges Posed by Indigenous Traditions, The Case of Japan," Wesleyan Theological Journal 35.1, Spring 2000, pp. 256-261.
David M. Githii, The East African Revival Movement and the Presbyterian Church of East Africa, Th.M. Thesis, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1992.
Derek Peterson, "Wordy Women: Gender Trouble and the Oral Politics of the East African Revival in Northern Gikuyuland," Journal of African History 42, 2001, pp. 469-489.
E. Andersson, Messianic Popular Movements in Lower Congo, Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1958.
E. Ayandele, The Missionary Impact on Modern Nigeria, New York: Humanities Press, 1966.
E.N. Wanyoike, An African Pastor: The Life and Work of Rev. Wanyoike Kamawe 1888-1970, Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974.
Edith M. Wiseman, Kikuyu Martyr, London: Highway Press, 1958.
F.B. Welbourn and B.A. Ogot, A Place to Feel at Home: A Study of Two Independent Churches in Western Kenya, London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
F.L. Bartels, The Roots of Ghana Methodism, London: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
Festo Kivengere, "The Revival That Was and Is: An Interview with Festo Kivengere," Christianity Today 20.17, May 21, 1976, pp. 10-14.
Fred W. Valender, A Mustard Seed: How it Grew into the Methodist Church in Kenya, Seaton Delaval: Christian Aid, 1987.
G.C. Oosthuizen, M.C. Kitshoff and S.W.D. Dube, eds., Afro-Christianity at the Grassroots: Its Dynamics and Strategies, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994.
Gary B. McGee, "Pentecostal Missiology: Moving Beyond Triumphalism to Face the Issues," Pneuma 16.2, 1994, pp. 275-281.
George B. Thomas, "Kimbanguism: Authentically African, Authentically Christian," in African Religions: A Symposium, ed. Newell S. Booth, New York: Nok Publishers, 1977, pp. 275-293.
Hugh McCullum, The Angels Have Left Us: The Rwanda Tragedy and the Churches, Geneva: WCC Publications, 1990.
Itumeleng Mosala, "Wesley Read from the Experience of Social and Political Deprivation in South Africa," Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 68.1, September 1989, pp. 86-90.
J.E. Church, Awake! Awake! The Story of Blasio Kigozi, Kampala: Uganda Bookshop Press, 1937.
J.E. Church, Forgive Them: The Story of an African Martyr, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1966.
J.E. Church, William Nagenda - A Great Lover of Jesus, London: C.M.S. Ruanda Mission, 1973.
J.E. Church, Quest for the Highest, Exeter: Paternoster Press, 1981.
J.F. Ade Ajayi, Christian Missions in Nigeria (1841-1891): The Making of a New Elite, London: Longmans, 1965.
J.P. Kiernan, The Production and Management of Therapeutic Power in Zionist Churches Within a Zulu City, Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1990.
James Bertin Webster, The African Churches Among the Yoruba, 1888-1922, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
Jocelyn Murray, "The Kikuyu Spirit Churches," Journal of Religion in Africa 5.3, 1973, pp. 198.
Jocelyn Murray, "A Bibliography on the East African Revival Movement," Journal of Religion in Africa 8.2, 1976, pp. 144-147.
John L. Peters, Christian Perfection in American Methodism, Salem, OR: Schmul Publishing Co., 1995.
John M. Janzen, "The Tradition of Renewal in Kongo Religion," in African Religions: A Symposium, ed. Newell S. Booth, New York: Nok Publishers, 1977.
John Martin, "Revivalism and Ethnic Conflict," Transformation: An International Dialogue on Mission and Ethics, April/June 1995, pp. 1-2.
John Wesley, Plain Account of Christian Perfection, London: Epworth Press, 1952.
Josiah Kibira, "The Church in Buhaya: Crossing Frontiers," in The Church Crossing Frontiers: Essays on the Nature of Mission in Honor of Bengt Sundkler, eds. Peter Beyerhaus and Carl F. Hallencreutz, Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells, 1969, pp. 189-205.
Kefa A. Sempangi, A Distant Grief, Ventura, CA: Regal Books, 1979.
Klaus Fiedler, The Story of Faith Missions: From Hudson Taylor to the Present Day Africa, Oxford: Regnum Books, 1994.
Kofi Appiah-Kubi, "Indigenous African Churches: Signs of Authenticity," in African Theology En Route: Papers from the Pan-African Conference of Third World Theologians, December 17-23, 1977, Accra Ghana, eds. Kofi Appiah-Kubi and Sergio Torres, New York: Orbis Books, 1979, pp. 117-121.
Kwame Bediako, Christianity in Africa: The Renewal of a Non-Western Religion, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995.
Kwesi A. Dickson, "The Methodist Witness and the African Situation," in Sanctification and Liberation, ed. Theodore Runyon, Nashville: Abingdon, 1981.
Kwesi A. Dickson, Theology in Africa, New York: Orbis Books, 1984.
Lamin Sanneh, "The Horizontal and the Vertical in Mission: An African Perspective," International Bulletin of Missionary Research 7.24, Oct. 1983, pp. 165-171.
Lamin Sanneh, West African Christianity: The Religious Impact, London: C. Hurst & Company, 1983.
Linda E. Thomas, Under the Canopy: Ritual Process and Spiritual Resilience in South Africa, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1999.
Mark R. Mullins, Christianity Made in Japan: A Study of Indigenous Movements, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998.
Meg Guillebaud, Rwanda: The Land God Forgot? Revival, Genocide and Hope, London: Monarch Books, 2002.
Melvin E. Dieter, The Holiness Revivals of the Nineteenth Century, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 1996.
Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Hearing and Knowing: Theological Reflections on Christianity in Africa, New York: Orbis Books, 1986.
Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, Weep Not Child, London: Heinemann, 1964.
Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, A Grain of Wheat, London: Heinemann.
Ogbu U. Kalu, "Church Presence in Africa: A Historical Analysis of the Evangelization Process," in African Theology En Route, eds. Kofi Appiah-Kubi and Sergio Torres, New York: Orbis, 1979.
Ogbu U. Kalu, Power, Poverty and Prayer: The Challenges of Poverty and Pluralism in African Christianity, 1960-1996, New York: Peter Lang, 2000.
Patricia St. John, Man of Two Worlds: The Life of Ken Moynagh, Worthing, Sussex: Henry E. Walker, 1976.
Paul Jenkins, "The Roots of Church History: Some Polemical Thoughts," International Bulletin of Missionary Research 10.2, April 1986, pp. 67-71.
Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming Global Christianity, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
R. MacPherson, The Presbyterian Church in Kenya, Nairobi: The Presbyterian Church of East Africa, 1970.
Robert T. Parsons, The Churches and Ghana Society 1918-1955, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1963.
Robert W. Wyllie, The Spirit-Seekers: New Religious Movements in Southern Ghana, Missoula, MO: Scholars Press, 1980.
T.O. Ranger and John Weller, eds., Themes in the Christian History of Central Africa, Los Angeles: University of California, 1975.
Vinson Synan, Aspects of Pentecostal-Charismatic Origins.
Vinson Synan, The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
Walter J. Hollenweger, The Pentecostals, London: SCM Press, 1972.
William A. Dyrness, Learning About Theology from the Third World, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990.
William F. Kumuyi, Holiness Made Easy, Lagos: Zoe Publishing Co., 1980.
Zablon Nthamburi, ed., From Mission to Church: A Handbook of Christianity in East Africa, Nairobi: Uzima Press, 1991.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2010 Scott Christian University

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.